PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE KYRGYZ REPUBLIC
NEWS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE KYRGYZ REPUBLIC An international scientific and technical journal of a quarterly release, founded in 1996. In the event of an international conference, a temporary conference theme of an additional issue may be issued. So in 2021, 6 issues were published. Founder: National Academy of Sciences of the Kyrgyz Republic The journal is registered with the Ministry of Justice of the Kyrgyz Republic. Registration number No. 1950 dated July 8, 2013 ISSN 1694-8408 (print) ISSN 1694-8416 (online) About the magazine Editorial team Contacts: The journal is published by IC Ilim. The activities of the center are aimed at scientific and research work, quarterly in journals in four languages ​​(Kyrgyz, Russian, English, Chinese) articles are published by academicians, professors, doctors and candidates of sciences, graduate students of the National Academy of Sciences of the Kyrgyz Republic, as well as higher educational institutions of the republic, concerning all branches of science. The purpose of the center is to publish articles containing scientific discoveries, research in the republic, disseminate their work in the republic and neighboring states, publish the works of scientists working in the field of domestic science, publish the works of graduate students taking their first steps in science. The magazines published in the publishing center are distributed in Kazakhstan, Turkey, China, Russia, as well as in neighboring countries. And about. Director of IC "Ilim" - Baibosunov Karybek Head Department of IC "Ilim" - Kochkorbaeva Zhypargul Ibraimovna Ved. Engineer of IC "Ilim" - Tabyldy kyzy Nurmira E-mail:ilimbasma@mail.ru Ph. number: 0 (312) 64-63-35; 39-18-72 Send publication
Национальная Академия Наук Кыргызской Республики
THE ROLE OF STATE POLICY IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE MEDICAL INDUSTRY
The article presents information on the relationship between public policy and the healthcare sector in the country, as well as its strategic work in healthcare. It also demonstrates that the country’s socioeconomic development plays a vital role in maintaining public health and developing the healthcare sector. It was emphasized that the medical sector, as one of the state’s key sectors, is obligated to provide high-quality and accessible services to the population. Therefore, public policy must fully support significant reforms and modernization of the healthcare system. Otherwise, improving the country’s population’s health and developing accessible medical care will pose serious challenges. Cooperation between the healthcare system and the government is crucial to overcoming a number of challenges. The author emphasizes that, in the context of a serious, acute epidemic, not all healthcare sectors can cope on their own. For example, it can be added that we overcame the COVID-19 epidemic in Kyrgyzstan not only thanks to the strength of the healthcare sector but also with the help of national, regional, district, and local authorities.
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PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PEDAGOGICAL ASPECTS OF THE FORMATION OF STRESS TOLERANCE AND TARGET ORIENTATION OF FUTURE OFFICERS
This article presents the results of a study conducted among cadets at the Military Institute (Military Engineering Institute of radio Electronics and Communications), which assessed the development of two important professional qualities: stress resilience and determination. Their readiness for professional work was also assessed, as well as the impact of educational services at military educational institutions on the development of professionally important qualities.
Kabakov N.D., Orozaliev E.S., Kabakova M.P.
PROSPECTS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF HYDROGEN ENERGY IN THE CONTEXT OF THE GLOBAL ENERGY TRANSITION
The article analyzes current trends in the development of hydrogen energy within the framework of the global energy transition and international policy. Key factors driving the adoption of hydrogen technologies are examined, including the need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, ensure energy security, and achieve sustainable development goals. The research methodology is based on a systematic analysis of scientific and statistical data, as well as a review of political strategies adopted by various countries for the implementation of renewable energy sources. Particular attention is given to international cooperation, the economic and environmental benefits of hydrogen energy, as well as the challenges associated with the use of rare earth elements and infrastructure development. The research findings confirm the necessity of a comprehensive approach to building a sustainable energy system that incorporates innovative technologies, international coordination, and effective resource management.
SCIENTIFIC FOUNDATIONS OF POLITICAL EXTREMISM
The article describes the scientific foundations of political extremism. The etymology of political extremism, the emphasis is on the diversity of its various manifestations and features. The founders of the concept of political extremism are given a place in their scientific views and hypotheses. An analysis of the diversity and specificity of scientific views on this phenomenon will be conducted and it will be said that only new research is being conducted by scientists. The expression political terrorism has now moved away from the classical etymological characteristic and has been considered as evolving in accordance with the requirements of the time, adapted according to the moment. But the theoretical scroll tells us that there are many similarities, many similarities.
Ch. Sydykkbaev, Abdykalykov R.I., Alibekov A.A.
INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS FOR COMBATING TORTURE AND THEIR IMPLEMENTATION IN THE LEGISLATION OF CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES
The article provides an analytical overview of international obligations to prevent torture (the 1984 UN Convention against Torture and its Optional Protocol), as well as the status of their implementation in the legislation and practice of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan. The current national mechanisms (e.g., national preventive mechanisms – NPMs), problems of enforcement, judicial practice and control are considered. Regional examples (UN, OSCE, Amnesty Academy) and a comparative table of articles on torture (article of the Criminal Code, sanctions, monitoring, execution) are given. Ethical aspects (transparency, rights of detainees, access to a lawyer) are analyzed separately and practical recommendations are given (strengthening NPM, police training, independent supervision, open statistics). For the first time, key performance indicators (KPIs) for the implementation of standards (number of complaints, investigations, convicted of torture, visits to places of detention, etc.) have been formulated to assess progress in the fight against torture. A diagram (Mermaid) of the torture complaint review process from filing to court decision is presented.
THEORETICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS OF THE PLACEMENT OF PRODUCTIVE FORCES IN THE KYRGYZ REPUBLIC AT THE PRESENT STAGE
This article examines theoretical and methodological issues related to the development and distribution of productive forces in the Kyrgyz Republic. Based on an analysis of the distribution of productive forces across the country over the past ten years, it concludes that the country is uneven, imperfect, and lacks a systematic and scientific approach. This leads to undesirable consequences, including varying standards of living across regions, internal and external migration, and excessive concentration of industry and population in a single agglomeration. Based on international experience and current trends in production organization—clustering, specialization, the creation of special zones, etc.—recommendations are provided for defining criteria for the future distribution of productive forces.
MIGRATION PROCESSES AS A FACTOR IN THE FORMATION OF ETHNO-NATIONAL IDENTITY IN THE KYRGYZ REPUBLIC
The article examines migration processes in the Kyrgyz Republic as one of the key factors in the formation and transformation of ethno-national identity in the context of post-Soviet transformations and globalization. Based on statistical data from the National Statistical Committee of the Kyrgyz Republic, materials from international organizations (UN, IOM), as well as studies by domestic and foreign scholars, the main trends of internal and external migration and their impact on the ethno-demographic structure of society are identified. Particular attention is paid to the socio-cultural and political consequences and challenges of migration, including issues of interethnic interaction, preservation of ethno-cultural identity, and the integration of migrants into the host society. The study employs systemic, structural-functional, and comparative methods, as well as elements of statistical and institutional approaches. The scientific novelty of the research lies in a comprehensive interpretation of migration not only as a socio-economic phenomenon but also as a significant factor in the formation of ethno-national identity in the contemporary Kyrgyz Republic.
CRIMINAL PROCEDURAL ASPECTS OF THE ACTIVITIES OF INVESTIGATIVE BODIES IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES
This article examines foreign experience and practices in organizing pre-trial procedures in the form of inquiry in various countries, including some post-Soviet republics. The author emphasizes that, despite the different designs, models of inquiry, as well as the sometimespolar opinions about the need for its existence in criminal proceedings, inquiry nevertheless takes its place and plays an important role as a measure of state administration to combat manifestations of crime. In addition, the author reminds that when modernizing domestic legal systems, it is necessary to carefully borrow foreign experience and take into account the established value approaches and national traditions. The inquiry in the Kyrgyz Republic does not have a detailed regulated procedural form. In the criminal process of the Kyrgyz Republic, there is a stage of initiation of a criminal case, the inquiry is conducted in pre-trial proceedings and aims to take measures to preserve traces of the incident, carry out the instructions of the investigator, prosecutor, etc. The idea is emphasized that the problematic of the institute of inquiry requires further scientific research and investigation.
EVOLUTION OF THE INSTITUTIONAL STRUCTURE OF THE KYRGYZ REPUBLIC: FROM A PARLIAMENTARY SYSTEM TO A PRESIDENTIAL GOVERNANCE MODEL
This study analyzes contemporary public administration, focusing on the presidential and parliamentary systems. The choice of a particular system of government is determined by a combination of historical, cultural, and geopolitical factors. Particular attention is paid to the powers of the president and their impact on the functioning of the various branches of government. The advantages and disadvantages of both systems are also considered. In the context of Kyrgyzstan, the role of the country’s parliament is analyzed, as well as the duality of constitutional reforms, which impacts democratic institutions. One of the problems identified in the study is the low institutionalization of political parties, which hinders the development of democracy within these organizations. The role of the legislative branch and the main factors determining its effectiveness are also discussed. The objective prerequisites for a return to the presidential form of government are considered, and the main provisions of the 2021 constitutional reform are revealed. Within the analysis of amendments to the Constitution, special attention is paid to the functions of the president, the procedure for forming the government, and changes in the electoral system and the structure of parliament that were introduced as a result of this reform are analyzed. The need to consider the influence of informal institutions and develop mechanisms for balancing presidential power and the multiparty system to ensure the stability of the governance system is emphasized.
THE PERSONALITY OF THE ACCUSED AS AN OBJECT OF STUDY OF THE INQUIRY BODY IN CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS OF THE KYRGYZ REPUBLIC
This article examines the personality of not only the accused, but also the suspect as an object of study by the investigative body for criminal proceedings of the Kyrgyz Republic. The author concludes that the concept of “personality” in criminal procedure law is used primarily for study by investigative bodies that are ordered to perform actions within their competence. The study of personality, recognition of characteristic significant features of the accused, rational use of the collected information in the process of solving and investigating crimes is extremely important for collecting evidence in pre-trial proceedings and when sentencing for the court
THE OMBUDSMAN AS AN INTERMEDIARY BETWEEN THE STATE AND THE CITIZEN: MECHANISMS FOR RESTORING VIOLATED RIGHTS
The article examines the role of the Ombudsman institution as a key intermediary between the state and the citizen in the mechanism of restoration of violated rights. The article reveals the legal nature of the Ombudsman as an independent human rights institution operating on the basis of the constitutional principles of the rule of law, justice and the priority of human rights. Special attention is paid to procedures for reviewing citizens’ appeals, ensuring accessibility and prompt protection of rights, as well as analyzing the practice of restoring violated rights using the example of interaction with government agencies and the judicial system. Based on the analysis of statistics of appeals and law enforcement practice, it is shown that the institution of the Ombudsman helps to increase citizens’ trust in state institutions and strengthen the principle of a «listening state». The mechanisms for implementing the recommendations of the Ombudsman, their impact on improving legislation and administrative practice, as well as the problems of implementing response acts related to the lack of binding force of recommendations and insufficient coordination between authorities are considered. It is concluded that there is a need for institutional strengthening of the Ombudsman, expanding his powers, increasing the responsibility of government agencies for the implementation of recommendations and developing mechanisms for interdepartmental interaction. The importance of the Ombudsman as an effective tool for the protection of human rights and the formation of a rule-of-law state is substantiated.
Almaz Zhaksybekovich Syzdykov, Mamyrbaev Rakhimbek Nurmukhametovich
DEVELOPMENT OF CREATIVE ABILITIES OF CHILDREN WITH HEARING IMPAIRMENT THROUGH LEARNING TO PLAY THE KOMUZ
This article examines the role of the komuz as a musical instrument in the development of creative abilities in children with hearing impairments. In the context of inclusive education, the study analyzes the importance of musical training, the use of visual and tactile methods, as well as the development of aesthetic taste, motor skills, and social skills in children through learning to play the komuz. The study proposes practical methods and effective forms of instruction. In addition, the article substantiates the specific features of musical perception in children with hearing impairments and the necessity of applying alternative teaching methods. It is noted that the vibrational properties of the komuz allow children to perceive music through sensation. It is also emphasized that the use of visual instructions, body movements, and elements of sign language during lessons increases the effectiveness of learning. The study considers inclusive models of teaching the komuz, based on which methods promoting the development of children’s creative activity are analyzed. Practical examples illustrate the impact of approaches such as improvisation, rhythmic exercises, and ensemble performance. Furthermore, it is highlighted that learning to play the komuz helps strengthen children’s self-confidence and supports their successful social integration. In conclusion, it is stated that the proposed methodological approaches can be widely applied in the system of inclusive education and represent an important tool for developing the creative potential of children with hearing impairments.
Mamytova Aizat Jumagazievna, Igenova Sagida Barkalovna
STATEHOOD IN THE ERA OF THE NEW WORLD ORDER
The article «Statehood in the Era of the New World Order» is devoted to the analysis of the transformation of the institution of the state through the prism of the crisis and rethinking of state sovereignty in the context of global political, economic, and technological changes of the 21st century. The study focuses on the problem of preserving and exercising sovereignty in a situation of growing interdependence of states, the weakening of supranational regulatory mechanisms (the UN, etc.), and the strengthening of the positions of major powers.
THE PHILOSOPHICAL ESSENCE OF THE NATIONAL IDEA
В статье рассматривается философское значение национальной идеи, одного из компонентов общественного сознания, и глубоко анализируется ее трансформация из философского понятия в конкретную политическую цель в зависимости от потребностей и исторического развития общества. Сделана попытка доказать, что национальная идея – это явление, рождающееся в недрах духовной жизни этноса и способное отражать не только общественную жизнь, но и мировоззрение, национальное сознание народа. Автор подчеркнул место национальной идеи в современном обществе и необходимость её научной разработки. Конечно же, было отмечено, что работа в этом направлении в настоящее время ведётся на государственном уровне.
A NEO-MARXIST INTERPRETATION OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE: A PHILOSOPHICAL HYPOTHESIS
The article offers a philosophical analysis of artificial intelligence within a neo-Marxist framework of labor theory, alienation, and the concept of species-being. It examines the transformation of labor under conditions of digital capitalism and algorithmic rationality. Artificial intelligence is interpreted as a dual phenomenon: on the one hand, as a means of expanding human universality and cognitive capacities; on the other, as a mechanism of digital alienation, algorithmic control, and concentration of power. Special attention is given to the phenomena of pseudo-creativity, post-labor, and digital exploitation. The study concludes that the future of labor and human freedom depends not on the technical nature of AI itself, but on the socio-political forms of its institutional implementation and regulation.
ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS AS A PHILOSOPHICAL PARADIGM OF LIFE
In this scholarly article, the author examines ecological ethics from both philosophical and practical perspectives, analyzing how it shapes the principles of interaction between humans and nature, moral responsibility, ethical values, and life orientation. The author emphasizes the necessity of transforming ecological ethics from a theoretical concept into a practical behavioral model, as well as the importance of integrating an individual’s personal life strategy, social responsibilities, and civilizational development goals. The limitations of consumer culture, the role of moral ideals, and the intellectual development of individuals are considered not only within philosophical and social contexts but also in terms of the civilizational and cultural significance of ecological ethics. Furthermore, the article highlights the role of ecological thinking in building a sustainable, harmonious, and just human life.
MORAL TRADITIONS AND INNOVATIONS AS A SUBJECT OF PHILOSOPHICAL ANALYSIS
The article examines moral traditions and innovations as one of the key objects of philosophical analysis in the context of profound sociocultural transformation of contemporary society. Particular attention is paid to the dialectical interaction between continuity and renewal of moral values, as well as to their significance in the process of shaping individual moral consciousness and stable moral guidelines for social development. The study analyzes traditional ethical norms formed within specific historical and cultural contexts, along with new moral attitudes emerging under the influence of globalization, scientific and technological progress, digitalization, and changes in the social structure of society. The article substantiates the thesis that ignoring moral traditions or mechanically replacing them with innovations leads to a crisis in the moral foundations of social life. It concludes that philosophical reflection and a harmonious combination of traditional and innovative elements of morality are essential conditions for the spiritual development of the individual and the sustainable development of society as a whole.
THE IDEOLOGICAL FACTOR IN THE ANTI-COLONIAL UPRISING OF THE KYRGYZ PEOPLE IN 1916
The article is devoted to the analysis of the ideological factor in the 1916 anti-colonial uprising of the Kyrgyz people, examined within the context of the worldview of the Zamanist poets (de-modernists) of the 19th and early 20th centuries. The purpose of the study is to identify the role of the «Zamanist» ideology as a form of intellectual and spiritual resistance to the colonial modernization of the Russian Empire, and to determine its influence on the formation of the protest consciousness of Kyrgyz society on the eve of the 1916 events. The 1916 uprising is considered not merely as a reaction to colonial pressure, but also as a manifestation of a profound ideological conflict between the imperial modernization project and the traditional worldview of the nomadic society
BIOPHILOSOPHY: METHODOLOGICAL APPROACH AND THE CHALLENGES OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
The article examines biophilosophy as an integrative scientific-philosophical discipline emerging at the intersection of the ontology of life, philosophy of science, and bioethics in the context of digital transformation. The ontological foundations of biophilosophy are grounded in the critique of reductionism, the principles of systemity and emergence, and the recognition of the historicity and processual nature of life. A methodological model is proposed based on dialectical analysis, interdisciplinary synthesis, phenomenological perspective, and normative-ethical reflection. Particular attention is paid to artificial intelligence as an epistemic mediator transforming the language of life sciences and reinforcing tendencies of computational reductionism. The limits of the algorithm are analyzed in relation to historicity, embodiment, and the impossibility of algorithmizing responsibility. The study concludes that biophilosophy is a methodologically autonomous discipline necessary for critically interpreting technological transformations of life in the age of AI
ECOLOGICAL ETHICS AND ITS PHILOSOPHICAL FOUNDATIONS
Annotation. This scientific article examines environmental ethics as one of the most significant fields of contemporary philosophical thought aimed at understanding the harmonious interaction between humans and nature. The author analyzes the philosophical foundations of environmental ethics, including the categories of moral responsibility, value orientations, and ethical choice in the context of intensifying environmental and civilizational challenges. Special attention is given to the formation of environmental consciousness as a key factor in sustainable development and the transformation of social practices. The article also reveals the role of environmental ethics in rethinking an individual’s worldview, its influence on cultural norms, and the strategic goals of society. Thus, environmental ethics is presented as a fundamental basis for the philosophical understanding of humanity’s future, oriented toward harmony, sustainability, and moral maturity.
PHILOSOPHICAL ANALYSIS OF THE CREATION AND SPECIFICITY OF THE INFORMATION SOCIETY
With the advent of the world wide web, many scientists and researchers of the information society have begun to explain historical developments in terms of communication rather than industrial or agricultural progress. Beginning in the 20th and 30th centuries, a number of scholars predicted the collapse of «industrial civilization» and the rise of an «information and service society», with «information manufacturing» becoming the most important national product. Various systems based on microprocessor technology, computer networks, information technology, telecommunications, the Internet provide the flow of information that is the material and technological base of the information society. The vision of an information society is one in which people are unified and computerized and information activities are focused on the processing of information, while material production and energy production are automated, and information technology has a global character, covering all spheres of human activity.
THE LOGICAL NATURE AND CONCEPTUAL FEATURES OF RELIGIOUS ETHICS: A HISTORICAL-PHILOSOPHICAL ANALYSIS
Philosophy recognizes the vital principles of morality and religion, striving to understand the complex nature of their relationship. Ultimately, it prevents the descent into moralism and fanaticism, ensuring the preservation of true human principles in both religion and morality. Ethics elevates the significance of philosophy, establishing its necessity for both religious experience, which requires its guiding role, and the moral life of a person.
Алымкулов З. А., Саралаев Н. К., Абдырахманов Т. А.
PHILOSOPHICAL RISKS OF CIVIL AVIATION SAFETY
This article analyzes the philosophical risks of civil aviation safety. The main aim of the study is to examine the concept of safety from philosophical, ethical, and technical perspectives, highlighting the role of the human factor and moral responsibility. The study draws on the concepts of Heidegger, Ellul, Jonas, and other philosophers to explore the philosophical and ethical foundations of aviation safety. It examines the interconnection of technical, human, and moral components, as well as issues related to safety levels and acceptable risk.
RELIGIOUS VALUES IN THE KYRGYZ REPUBLIC: TRANSFORMATION AND SOCIAL SIGNIFICANCE
The article examines religious values in the Kyrgyz Republic as an important component of spiritual culture and social identity. It analyzes the historical foundations of religious beliefs among the Kyrgyz people, the characteristics of Islam as the dominant religion, and the influence of traditional beliefs and customs. Particular attention is given to the transformation of religious values in the post-Soviet period and their role in contemporary social development, social cohesion, and youth education. The study employs historical-cultural and comparative research methods.
Nur Kerimkulovich Saralaev, Rita Bobuevna Salmorbekova, Mirlan Ermekovich Ibraev
ISLAM AND RADICALIZATION IN THE AGE OF GLOBALIZATION
This article provides a philosophical and methodological analysis of the relationship between Islam and the phenomenon of radicalization in the context of globalization. It substantiates the fundamental ontological distinction between Islam as a normative value-based religious system and extremism as a form of political violence. The study argues that reducing a complex religious-civilizational tradition to manifestations of terrorism is conceptually flawed and largely shaped by geopolitical and modernization processes.
DIGITALIZATION OF SOCIAL POLICY IN THE KYRGYZ REPUBLIC: OPPORTUNITIES, RISKS, AND EFFECTIVENESS
This article examines the digitalization of social policy in the Kyrgyz Republic, highlighting its opportunities, benefits, and risks. The study covers the impact of digital technologies on public administration, social protection, healthcare, and education. It analyzes digital infrastructure, e-services, the Tunduk mobile application, and their effects on accessibility, convenience, and public awareness. The study also addresses issues of digital inequality, cybersecurity, and data protection.
СИМВОЛИЧЕСКОЕ ЗНАЧЕНИЕ ТҮНДҮКА В ТРАДИЦИОННОЙ КЫРГЫЗСКОЙ КУЛЬТУРЕ
В статье рассматривается түндүк киргизской юрты — круглый купол, играющий ключевую роль в традиционной культурной жизни киргизского народа. В исследовании подробно рассматривается значение каждого элемента юрты, включая особенности түндүк кыргызской юрты. Кроме того, автор отметил в своей статье, что түндүк символизирует баланс четырех основных направлений, четырех природных стихий (земля, вода, воздух, огонь) и четырех духовных принципов (разум, сила, счастье, удовлетворение). А также, согласно кыргызскому этноэтикету, женщина не имеет право поднять түндүк. Она поднимает түндүк только при форс-мажорных ситуациях, когда все мужчины истреблены врагами. Автор статьи также написала, что изображение түндүка (шанырака) встречается на государственном флаге Кыргызской Республики, на государственном гербе Казахстана, а также на гербе Баян-Олгийской области Монголии, где подавляющее большинство населения составляют казахи.
EXISTENTIALS OF MODERNITY IN THE CONTEXT OF ALGORITHMIC RATIONALITY
This article provides a philosophical analysis of the transformation of existential structures of human existence in the context of algorithmic rationality in the digital age. Algorithmic rationality is interpreted not merely as a technical instrument but as a new ontological framework that establishes an “ontology of transparency,” within which human behavior is understood as a computable process. In dialogue with existential philosophy (Kierkegaard, Heidegger, Sartre), the categories of freedom, anxiety, guilt, projectivity, meaning, and responsibility are examined. The study argues that these existential structures do not disappear in digital environments but undergo transformation, revealing the limits of reducing subjectivity to probabilistic models. Responsibility, understood as an act of authorship, is identified as the boundary of algorithmic ontology and a condition for preserving subjectivity in the twenty-first century.
THE SOCIAL SIGNIFICANCE OF CLOTHING SYMBOLS IN KYRGYZ ETHNOETIQUETTE
The article defines clothing as a part of culture and examines it as a form of decorative art that shapes personal beauty. The author also examines the origins of clothing and its place in history. The study conducted an in-depth analysis of the symbolic meaning and uniqueness of Kyrgyz clothing. It determined the meaning of each garment and its value in traditional Kyrgyz culture. The article emphasizes that the white kalpak, a men’s headdress, is more than just a headdress, but a part of our history, symbolizing the heights of the Kyrgyz mountains, white as mirrors, reflecting the loftiness of thought, the purity of the soul, and the unity of the people. The women’s headdress, the “ak elechek,” or married woman’s headdress (the national white turban), is considered a sacred symbol of motherhood. Furthermore, the national costumes of the Kyrgyz people are described in detail in the Epic of Manas. It describes the types of clothing suitable for the nomadic lifestyle of men and the names of military attire. At the same time, the epic also discusses the characteristics of women’s clothing
FRAGMENTS FROM THE ETHICAL TEACHINGS OF THE ANCIENT EAST: INDIA – IRAN – CHINA
The ethical teachings of the Ancient East represent one of the leading and unique stages in the world history of philosophy. Ethics in the cultural and philosophical traditions of the peoples of the East was not considered as a separate discipline, say, as in the ancient Greek civilization, but rather as part of a comprehensive teaching on proper behavior, social harmony, spiritual development and public order. Ethics in India, Iran and China reflected not only religious and philosophical ideas, but was also implicitly connected with everyday life ritual, law, and politics. The article briefly outlines three key traditions: Indian (Vedas, Buddhism, Jainism). The views of these peoples on morality, virtue, honesty, justice, responsibility in the ancient period of history are studied.